PROCEEDING International Conference on Agriculture, Livestock, and Civil Engineering
ICAGROLIVE (International Conference on Agriculture, Livestock, and Civil Engineering) is an international conference organized as a regular program of the Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences (FAAS) and the Faculty of Engineering (FE) at Universitas Katolik Indonesia (UNIKA) Santu Paulus Ruteng. In addition to serving as a scientific forum for academics, researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders to share innovations and research findings in the fields of agriculture, livestock, and civil engineering, this conference also serves as a Study Day for both FAAS and FE of UNIKA St. Paulus Ruteng.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF MOUNTAIN MATERIAL AS CLASS B AGGREGATE FOUNDATION LAYER FOR HIGHWAY FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
This study aims to examine the technical feasibility of the Wae Lengkas Quarry mountain material as a Class B Aggregate Foundation Layer for flexible road pavements. Material samples were taken from the quarry and then tested in the Civil Engineering Laboratory of the Catholic University of Indonesia St. Paulus Ruteng. The test results were compared with the 2018 General Specifications for Roads and Bridges which regulate the quality standards for road materials. The types of tests carried out are grain size distribution, wear, light density and Atterberg limits. From the results of the grain size test, the percentage of sand was 93%, clay 1.5% and salt 5.47%. Based on the percentage of the grain division, the Wae Lengkas Quarry material is included in the sand in the USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) triangle chart. The liquid limit (LL) value is 32%, the plastic limit (PL) is 26.74% and the plasticity index (PI) is 5.26% which is the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit. Based on the Atterberg limits value, the material is feasible because the B value < 35 and PI < 10. Specific gravity (Gs) 2.5 gr/cm3, maximum dry unit weight 1.62% at optimum water content 13.45% and abrasion value 46.28%. Based on the abrasion value, the material is not suitable as Class B Aggregate because it is > 40%. This shows that the Wae Lengkas Quarry material cannot be used directly as Class B aggregate but must be mixed with gravel from other quarries that meet the abrasion value.
Copyright (c) 2026 PROCEEDING International Conference on Agriculture, Livestock, and Civil Engineering
ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DAMAGE OF HIGHWAYS USING SDI AND IRI METHODS (CASE STUDY OF NOA-GOLOWELU ROAD)
The Noa Golowelu Road Section (Bts. Kab) is one of the provincial roads located in West Manggarai Regency. This road was built in 2021 with a flexible pavement type. The current condition of the road pavement is damaged at certain segment points, so that the damage can affect the safety, comfort and smoothness of road users passing through the road. This study aims to determine the type and level of damage using the IRI (International Roughness Index) and SDI (Surface Distress Index) methods and the appropriate handling for this road section. In this study, the length of the segment to be studied is 3 km. The assessment of the road pavement condition was obtained visually by conducting a field survey using the SDI method, while the IRI value was obtained by conducting a survey using a car and utilizing the Roadroid application. Roadroid application is one of the applications on Android developed by a Swedish company that functions to measure road unevenness. Based on the research results using the IRI and SDI methods, the IRI value is 7,01 with a damage level of 1% Good, 77% Moderate, 15% Light Damage and 7% Severe Damage. In the SDI method, the SDI value is 74 with a damage level of 33% Good, 47% Moderate, 13% Light Damage, 7% Severe Damage. Based on the results of this study, the damage that occurred on the road section can be recommended as a repair method, namely Routine Maintenance.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF WELLINGLAND RICE IN HAJU NGENDONG VILLAGE, EAST MANGGARAI REGENCY
This study was conducted to analyze the production factors of Land area (X?), Seed (X?), Fertilizer (X?), Pesticide (X?), Labor (X?) that affect the productivity of paddy fields in Haju Ngendong Village, East Manggarai Regency. Then, the method used for data analysis in this study is the multiple linear regression method. The results of the study showed that the factors that significantly influenced the productivity of paddy fields in Haju Ngendong Village, East Manggarai Regency, namely land area, had a significant influence, namely the t-count value was greater than the t table (-4.181> 1.999) and the significant level was less than alpha (0.000 <0.05). The seed variable gave an influence, namely the t-count value was greater than the t table (4.555> 1.999), and the significant value was less than alpha 0.05 (0.000 <0.05). The Pesticide variable (X?) has an influence with a t-value greater than the t-table (-2.595 > 1.999), and a significant value smaller than alpha 0.05 (0.012 < 0.05). Then the variable that has no effect is the Fertilizer variable (X?) with a t-value smaller than the t-table (0.091 < 1.999), and a significant value greater than alpha 0.05 (0.927 > 0.05). Meanwhile, the Labor variable (X?) has no effect with a t-value smaller than the t-table (-1.164 < 1.999) and a significant value greater than alpha 0.05 (0.164 > 0.05).
ACCURACY EVALUATION OF SATELLITE-BASED LAND COVER DATA TO SUPPORT WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN MANGGARAI REGENCY
To support sustainable water resource management in Manggarai Regency, the availability of accurate land cover data is essential. However, the limited availability of local data necessitates the use of satellite imagery-based data, such as ESRI and Landsat 8 imagery. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of both datasets before they are used in land cover analysis. The 2024 ESRI imagery, which has been pre-classified into eight land cover classes, was compared with 2024 Landsat 8 imagery, which was classified using the Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) method in ArcGIS into ten land cover classes. Accuracy assessment was conducted using the Accatama plugin in QGIS, with Google Earth Pro serving as the reference data. The number of samples was determined using Slovin’s formula, resulting in 488 samples for the ESRI imagery and 951 for Landsat 8. The evaluation results show that ESRI imagery achieved a higher accuracy (0.72) compared to Landsat 8 (0.19). These findings suggest that ESRI imagery is more appropriate for land cover analysis aimed at enhancing water resource management efforts in Manggarai Regency. Although some classification errors still occurred, the ESRI imagery generally provides a more accurate representation of land cover conditions in the study area.
COMPARISON OF CORRECTED N VALUES BETWEEN SNI 4153:2008 WITH OTHER METHODS IN STANDARD PENETRATION TEST
The research aims to compare the (N1)60 values between SNI 4153:2008 and other methods in the SPT for 3 sites for the Civil Engineering Laboratory Building at Unika Santu Paulus Ruteng. The depth of SPT Site 1 (S1) is 9 meters where Nfield 5-66, S2 8.55 meters and Nfield 6-52, and S3 8.10 meters with an Nfield value of 4-51. N60 values ??at S1 6-79, S2 7-62, S3 5-66. Correction factors CE = 1, CR = 1, CD = 1 and CS = 1.2. is obtained by correlating SPT data to calculate the CN value based on the . N1)60 S1 SNI 4153:2008 10.68-135.28; Liao and Whitman (1986) 31.84-271.32; Skempton (1986) 11.59-145.65; Tokimatsu and Yoshimi (1983) 13.87-171.13; Seed et al (1975) 16.87-184.83; Peck et al (1974) 12.71-144.33, Bazaraa (1967) 21.02-235.98. (N1)60 S2 SNI 4153:2008 12.46-106.90; Liao and Whitman (1986) 37.15-224.89; Skempton (1986) 13.52-115.24; Tokimatsu and Yoshimi (1983) 16.18-135.82; Seed et al (1975) 19.68-148.73; Peck et al (1974) 14.83-115.54, and Bazaraa (1967) 24.52-190.18. (N1)60 S3 SNI 4153:2008 8.90-114.64; Liao and Whitman Method (1986) 26.54-255.83; Skempton (1986) 9.66-123.76; Tokimatsu and Yoshimi (1983) 11.56-146.37; Seed et al (1975) 14.06-163.09; Peck et al (1974) 10.59-125.92, and Bazaraa (1967) 17.51-208.49. Comparison of (N1)60 values ??are SNI 4153:2008 vs Skempton (1986) = 1:1.08; SNI 4153:2008 vs Peck et al (1974) = 1:1.13; SNI 4153:2008 vs Tokimatsu & Yoshimi (1983) = 1:1.29; SNI 4153:2008 vs Seed et al (1975) = 1:1.48; SNI 4153:2008 vs Bazaraa (1967) = 1:1.88; SNI 4153:2008 vs Liao & Whitman (1986) = 1:2.50.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS CAUSING DELAYS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
Delays in the execution of construction projects are a common challenge that frequently result in budget overruns, conflicts among stakeholders, and reduced project standards. This research aims to identify and analyze the primary factors contributing to such delays. Utilizing a quantitative methodology, data were gathered through surveys distributed to professionals involved in construction, including contractors, consultants, and project owners. The collected data were processed using statistical techniques such as frequency analysis and factor ranking based on their level of impact. The analysis revealed that the most significant delay factors include delayed payments by project owners, inadequate planning, shortage of skilled workforce, frequent modifications in design, and late material delivery. Additionally, external elements like unfavorable weather and bureaucratic constraints also play a substantial role in postponements. The findings underline the importance of effective project management, timely coordination among stakeholders, and swift decision-making to mitigate delays. Understanding these critical delay contributors is essential to enhance the performance and success of future construction initiatives.
EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIN HORMONES ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF CAYENNE PEPPER (Capsicum Frutescens L.)
Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is a horticultural commodity containing 0.1-1% capsaicin and can produce a spicy taste. The consumption of cayenne pepper continues to increase but is not balanced with maximum production. One of the efforts to increase cayenne pepper production can be done by applying gibberellin hormone. This study aims to determine the effect of gibberellin hormone on the growth and yield of cayenne pepper. This study was conducted in Lempe, Pau Village, Langke Rembong District, Manggarai Regency from March to July 2024. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 1 factor consisting of 4 treatment levels and 6 replications. The treatments used were G0 (without gibberellin), G1 (gibberellin concentration of 100 ppm/L), G2 (gibberellin concentration of 200 ppm/L) and G3 (gibberellin concentration of 300 ppm/L). The results of the study showed that the gibberellin hormone had a significant effect on the growth and yield of cayenne pepper. Gibberellin concentration of 200 ppm/L was the best treatment in increasing growth and yield of cayenne pepper.
DIFFERENCES IN FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE GRAZING OF BALINESE CATTLE IN MANGGARAI
This study aims to determine the differences in feeding behavior of Balinese cattle (Bos Sondaicus) raised extensively and intensively. This observation used 10 Balinese cattle with an average age of 1-2 years. This observation was conducted in Manggarai Regency. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively, variables included frequency of grazing and rumination, duration of grazing and rumination of extensively and intensively reared Balinese cattle. In the observation results, the frequency of grazing in intensively reared Balinese cows was 1 time and in extensively reared cows 2 times, in the frequency of rumination in intensively reared cows 200 times and in extensively reared cows 110 times, in the duration of grazing in intensively reared Balinese cows 30.00 minutes and in extensively reared cows 32.00 minutes, and in the duration of rumination in intensively reared Balinese cows 40.00 minutes and in extensively reared cows 33.00 minutes.
DEVELOPMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ISSUES ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN INDONESIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) are essential components of the construction industry, considering the high potential for accidents due to complex and high-risk working conditions. This study aims to explore various issues, challenges, and strategies that can be implemented to strengthen OSH practices in construction projects in Indonesia. The research was conducted using a literature review method, analyzing ten scientific articles published over the past five years (2020– 2024). Findings indicate that the majority of workplace accidents are triggered by human factors, including negligence in the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), limited understanding of safety procedures, weak supervision, and a lack of awareness of occupational risks. Furthermore, insufficient commitment and leadership from contractors and project owners have exacerbated the poor implementation of OSH. Other obstacles include limited training, the predominance of manual supervision systems, and the perception that safety is not a primary concern compared to project costs and deadlines. To address these challenges, approaches such as Design for Safety ( DfS ), the development of a strong safety culture, and the adoption of digital technologies—such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), Internet of Things (IoT), and Virtual Reality (VR)—are considered crucial. This study is expected to enrich the understanding of OSH implementation on construction sites and promote a more proactive and sustainable safety management system.
USER SATISFACTION STUDY ON CONTRACTOR PERFORMANCE ON ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS IN MANGGARAI DISTRICT
This study aims to analyze the level of satisfaction of service users with the performance of contractors in road infrastructure projects in Manggarai Regency. Infrastructure plays an important role in improving connectivity and economic growth. The performance of the contractor as a service provider greatly determines the success of the project, especially in terms of work quality, timeliness, cost, work safety, and communication with stakeholders. This study uses a quantitative method with a descriptive approach, where data is collected through a questionnaire survey to service users at the Public Works and Spatial Planning Office of Manggarai Regency. Data analysis was carried out using the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) and Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) methods to measure the level of satisfaction of service users with various aspects of contractor performance. The results of this study are expected to provide recommendations for contractors and stakeholders in improving service quality and project management effectiveness. Thus, this research contributes to improving the quality of better and sustainable road infrastructure.
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF SUBSIDIZED HOUSING PROJECTS IN INDONESIA REVIEWED FROM SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTOR
The subsidized housing program in Indonesia plays a vital role in addressing the need for affordable housing, especially for low-income households. This study analyzes the feasibility of subsidized housing projects from social and economic perspectives. The purpose of this research is to assess the factors influencing the success of these projects, including community acceptance, affordability, and regional economic conditions. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative analysis through surveys and financial feasibility studies with qualitative insights gathered from interviews with stakeholders. The findings reveal that while subsidized housing is generally well-received, challenges such as land acquisition costs, accessibility to employment centers, and limited social infrastructure significantly affect project viability. The study concludes with recommendations for optimizing project implementation, such as integrating social planning with economic development strategies and enhancing community engagement. These insights aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of how subsidized housing projects can be more effectively tailored to meet the socio-economic needs of the population.
THE INFLUENCE OF CONTRACT CHANGE ORDER (CCO) ON COST PERFORMANCE IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
This study investigates the influence of Contract Change Orders (CCOs) on cost performance in construction projects. Contract Change Orders formally amend the original construction contract. This research aims to answer the following main question: What is the relationship between the occurrence, reasons, and worth of CCOs and their cost overrun counterpart? More specifically, we try to correlate the frequency, worth, and reasons for CCOs directly with their identical cost overrun counterpart on a project level at three different scales. This research uses a quantitative approach to dissect and understand the project data from a collection of medium to large-scale construction projects. This project data were further elucidated through structured interviews with project managers and contractors directly involved with those projects. The project data were then subjected to a battery of statistical tools, such as regression analysis, to understand the relationship that exists between CCOs and certain cost performance indicators. The results show that frequent and late-stage CCOs are correlated with increased project costs. Moreover, insufficient initial planning and inadequate communication among stakeholders are major identified contributors to cost-related CCOs. Change management strategies are critical to counteract the cost impacts of CCOs. The study found that effective change management strategies, which include early stakeholder coordination and precise contract documentation, are essential to mitigate the bad cost impacts of change orders in construction projects. This knowledge can help all owners and stakeholders in the construction process manage big CCOs better.
INTEGRATING NET PRESENT VALUE AND BENEFIT COST RATIO METHODS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Effective planning and management of construction projects require precise financial feasibility analysis to ensure successful investment outcomes and optimal resource utilization. Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) are widely used economic evaluation tools, yet their integration is still rarely applied in a systematic manner. This study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to examine the benefits and applications of integrating NPV and BCR within the context of construction projects. The findings reveal that combining these methods offers a more comprehensive assessment of project feasibility by accounting for both absolute project value and investment efficiency. This integration enhances financial risk management associated with cost fluctuations and project scheduling through optimized payment systems and adaptive float time management. Moreover, the inclusion of supporting indicators such as the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) strengthens investment decision-making. Therefore, the integration of NPV and BCR provides a holistic and practical analytical framework to support more accurate, efficient, and sustainable investment decisions in construction project planning.
A LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
This study aims to systematically review the benefits and challenges of implementing Building Information Modeling (BIM) in construction projects, with a particular focus on the Indonesian context and adherence to the BIM protocol standards set by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR) in 2020. Utilizing a qualitative Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, data were collected from multiple reliable electronic databases including Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, filtering peer-reviewed publications published between 2010 and 2023 relevant to BIM implementation. Analysis synthesized findings on strategic and operational advantages of BIM such as enhanced collaboration, significant cost and time savings (over 50%), improved risk management, and integrated lifecycle facility management. However, the study also identifies critical barriers including high initial investment costs, immature regulatory frameworks, insufficient skilled human resources, cultural resistance, and limited interoperability issues. The research highlights the necessity for ongoing workforce training, software innovation, regulatory improvements, and promotion of open data standards to fully harness BIM’s potential. The findings provide essential insights for policymakers, industry practitioners, and academics to optimize BIM adoption, ultimately contributing to increased productivity and quality in construction projects in Indonesia and comparable developing countries.
THE IMPACT OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION ON COFFEE QUALITY AT UPH WULANG PARI COFFEE
UPH Wulang Pari Coffee is one of the coffee processing facilities located in Langgo, Carep Village, Ruteng City. UPH Wulang Pari was established in 2013 and is now a facility that manages the coffee process from drying, peeling, roasting, grinding, packaging and selling. This study aims to determine the process of implementing quality management and to determine the effect of implementing quality management on coffee quality at UPH Wulang Pari Coffee. The research method used is a quantitative method. Sampling using purposive sampling technique with 34 respondents. Data analysis using multiple linear regression analysis and comparing using the T test and F test. The results of the study indicate that the process of implementing quality management at UPH Wulang Pari Coffee consists of drying, grinding, sorting, roasting, powdering and packaging. The drying, milling, sorting, roasting, powdering and packaging processes simultaneously and partially affect the quality of coffee at UPH Wulang Pari Coffee. The most dominant quality management implementation process that affects the quality of coffee at UPH Wulang Pari Coffee is sorting. The ? coefficient value of sorting is greater than drying, milling, roasting, powdering, and packaging.
THE EFFECT OF LAND AREA, PRUNING AND PLANT AGE ON COFFEE PRODUCTIVITY IN POCO VILLAGE, MANGGARAI REGENCY
The present study aims to: (1) analyze the effect of land area on coffee productivity in Poco Village, Manggarai Regency; (2) examine the effect of pruning on coffee productivity in Poco Village, Manggarai Regency; and (3) investigate the effect of coffee plant age on coffee productivity in Poco Village, Manggarai Regency. The research was conducted in Poco Village, Manggarai Regency, over a period of one month, from April 8, 2025, to May 8, 2025. The study population consisted of 115 individuals, with samples determined through a simple random sampling technique using the Slovin formula. Data were collected through interviews, questionnaires, and documentation, while the analysis was performed using multiple linear regression. The findings reveal that land area has a positive and significant effect on coffee productivity, with a coefficient value of 0.023. Pruning also shows a positive and significant effect on coffee productivity, with a coefficient value of 0.022. Conversely, the age of coffee plants has a negative and significant effect on productivity, with a coefficient value of -0.001. Collectively, land area, pruning, and plant age significantly influence coffee productivity in Poco Village, Manggarai Regency, as indicated by a calculated F value of 14.615.
FARMERS' INTEREST IN INTEGRATED BEEF CATTLE CULTIVATION HORTICULTURAL CROPS
This study aims to analyze the factors that affect farmers' interest in the cultivation of beef cattle with sustainable horticultural crops. This research was conducted from September to December 2024 in the farmer group of Tungku Mose, Laci Carep, Langke Rembong, Manggarai. The research location was selected by the purposive sampling method, based on the consideration that the Tungku Mose farmer group has applied a beef cattle cultivation pattern integrated with horticultural crops. The data that has been collected is then analyzed descriptively, to describe the possible relationship between independent and dependent variables, multiple linear analysis is performed. The F test is to test the independent variable simultaneously with the dependent variable, followed by the t test and the R square coefficient. The results showed that most of the farmers involved in the study were between 37 and 42 years old, had an elementary school education, worked as farmers, had 11-15 years of breeding experience, owned 1-3 cattle, and managed land between 0.26 to 0.50 hectares. Individually, factors such as age, education, experience in raising cattle, and the type of cattle did not have a significant influence on people's interest in raising cattle. However, counseling and market purchasing power affect the interest in raising members of the Tungku Mose farmer group. Overall, factors such as the breeder's age, education, breeding experience, counseling, market purchasing power, and the type of cattle affect the interest in raising cattle for members of the Tungku Mose farmer group.
ANALYSIS OF MARKET STRUCTURE AND MARKETING CHANNEL OF ROBUSTA COFFEE IN PAGAL VILLAGE, MANGGARAI REGENCY
Robusta coffee is the most widely cultivated plantation commodity in Kabupaten Manggarai, especially in Pagal Village. However, farmers in Pagal Village are faced with inefficient marketing. The objectives of this study are (1) to determine the market structure of robusta coffee in Pagal Village, Manggarai Regency (2) to determine the marketing efficiency of robusta coffee in Pagal Village, Manggarai Regency. The determination of the research location was purposive. Sample determination using simple random sampling method with the number of samples using the slovin formula so that 47 respondents were obtained. Market structure used CR4 and IHH analysis while marketing efficiency was analyzed through marketing channels, farmer's share, and marketing efficiency. The results of the analysis show that the robusta coffee market structure in Pagal Village, Manggarai Regency at the farm level is a perfectly competitive market with a low level of concentration, at the retailer trader level is a medium concentrated oligopoly market, while at the wholesaler and collector trader level is a highly concentrated monopoly market type. Robusta coffee marketing in Pagal Village goes through three (3) channels, namely marketing channel I: Farmers - Retailers - Consumers, marketing channel II: Farmers - Wholesalers - Retailers - Consumers, and marketing channel III: Farmers - Collecting Traders - Wholesalers - Retailers - Consumers. The value of farmer share in channels I, II, and III is 86.18%, 81.29%, and 71.93%, respectively. While the value of marketing efficiency in channel I is 2.37%, channel II is 1.70%, and channel III is 2.22%. This indicates that based on the value of farmer's share and marketing efficiency, the three marketing channels are in the efficient category.
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF TOMATO FARMING IN THE GOTALA FARMERS GROUP, WALI VILLAGE, LANGKE REMBONG DISTRICT, MANGGARAI REGENCY
The objective of this research is to analyze the performance of tomato farming and to analyze the feasibility of tomato farming in the Gotala Farmers Group, Wali Village, Langke Rembong District, Manggarai Regency. The sampling method used a census method for 20 members of the Gotala Farmers Group. The analytical methods used were cost analysis calculated based on cash and non-cash costs, income analysis, feasibility analysis calculated based on cash and total costs, and sensitivity analysis of cash costs. This research was conducted at the Gotala Farmers Group, Wali Village, Langke Rembong District, Manggarai Regency, from May 7 to June 7, 2024. The results of the study indicate that the average costs incurred during one planting season for 3 months amounted to Rp3,793,412 in cash costs and Rp1,502,000 in non-cash costs. Income from cash costs was Rp5,606,588 and from total costs was Rp4,104,588. The results of the feasibility analysis of the R/C ratio value for cash costs of 2.48 and non-cash costs of 1.78 indicate a figure greater than one, which means that the tomato farming business in the Gotala Farmers Group is feasible to run. The results of the BEP analysisunit49 and BEP Price of Rp4,742 for cash costs and total costs shows that the BEP unit value of 67 and BEP Price of Rp6,619 is smaller than the production and selling price of tomatoes, meaning that the tomato farming business in the Gotala Farmers Group is feasible to run. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that the tomato farming business in the Gotala Farmers Group is not sensitive to changes in the selling price decrease of 15%, the cost increase of 41% and the production decrease of 38%.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL SYSTEM ON THE ADOPTION OF PGPR NK GROW INNOVATION ON FEMALE FARMERS IN KWT SEMI LESTARI, SANANREJO VILLAGE, TUREN DISTRICT, MALANG REGENCY
The main challenges of agriculture are climate change, limited land, and increasing demand for food. One innovation to deal with climate change and realize food security is by utilizing soil-fertilizing bacteria to increase production not only on agricultural land but also in yards. The dissemination of this innovation also needs to be done to the family level, especially women who cultivate vegetables in their yards. The objectives of this study are, (1) To describe the social system in the process of diffusion of PGPR Nk Grow innovation (2) To describe the response of female farmers to the role of the social system and (3) To analyze the influence of the social system on the adoption of innovation. The study was conducted at KWT Semi Lestari, Sananrejo Village, Turen District, Malang Regency. The data analysis technique used qualitative descriptive analysis followed by quantitative. The results showed that the social system that played a role in the process of diffusion of innovation included female farmers, innovation creators, community leaders, village government, and agricultural extension workers. Female farmers stated that the members of the social system who played the most important role were the Head of KWT and agricultural extension workers. The response to the role of this social system also influenced the level of innovation adoption. Female farmers who felt the positive role of members of the social system decided to adopt unconditionally while female farmers who felt less of the role of the social system decided to adopt on condition.